Tag: Security

  • Apache serves the first SSL host vhost found on a none-SSL domain.

    Your hosting two name based domains deurbellen.nl and fietsbellen.nl. For the domain fietsbellen.nl you have a SSL and non-SSL vhost configuration .
    The domain deurbellen.nl has only a none-SSL vhost config plane and simple.

    When a user connects to the site https://deurbellen.nl, there will be no error message telling the vhost (domain) doesn’t exist. Instead apache serves the site fietsbellen.nl in SSL……. Pretty weird!
    This is default behavior for apache. It serves the first available SSL vhost when the requested one is not found.

    Solution:

    For many reasons you just won’t want this to happen. This behavior can be changed by adding a vhost configuration that listens to *:443 and serve one of the apache error codes back to the client. For a complete list of error codes look here.

    1. Create a file named 10-localhost.localdomain-ssl.conf at the location apache reads your configuration files. On a RHEL/CentOS based os, the default location is /etc/httpd/conf.d
    2. opy the stuff below into your file
      <VirtualHost *:443>
        ServerName localhost.localdomain
      
        ## Vhost docroot
        DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/localhost.localdomain"
      
        ## Directories, there should at least be a declaration for /var/www/html/localhost.localdomain
      
        <Directory "/var/www/html/localhost.localdomain">
          Options None
          AllowOverride None
          Require all granted
        </Directory>
      
        ## Logging
        ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/localhost.localdomain/error-ssl_log.%Y.%m.%d 86400"
        ServerSignature Off
        CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/localhost.localdomain/access-ssl_log.%Y.%m.%d 86400" combined
      
        ## Redirect rules
        Redirect  404 /
      
        ## Server aliases
        ServerAlias localhost.localdomain
      
        ## SSL directives
        SSLEngine on
        SSLCertificateFile      "/etc/ssl/certs/localhost.localdomain.crt"
        SSLCertificateKeyFile   "/etc/ssl/certs/localhost.localdomain.key"
        SSLOptions +StdEnvVars +ExportCertData
      </VirtualHost>
      

      Checkout the config section Redirect rules

        ## Redirect rules
        Redirect  404 /
      

      This tells apache which error code/page the client receives. So tweak it with the message you want to return

    3. Create a SSL cert and key for localhost.localdomain
      Check this how to for creating certificates and stuff…
    4. Copy the new cert and key file to
      /etc/ssl/certs/
    5. Restart apache and go test!
  • How To Generate SSL Key, CSR and Self Signed Certificate For Apache

    If you want to convert your website from HTTP to HTTPS, you need to get a SSL certificate from a valid organization like Verisign, Quovadis, Thawte, etc. You can also generate self signed SSL certificate for testing purpose.

    In this article, let us review how to generate private key file (server.key), certificate signing request file (server.csr) and webserver certificate file (server.crt) that can be used on Apache server with mod_ssl.

    Key, CSR and CRT File Naming Convention

    I typically like to name the files with the domain name of the HTTPS URL that will be using this certificate. This makes it easier to identify and maintain.

    • Instead of server.key, I use localhost.localdomain.key
    • Instead of server.crt, I use localhost.localdomain.crt

    Generate Private Key on the Server Running Apache + mod_ssl

    First, generate a private key on the Linux server that runs Apache webserver using openssl command as shown below.

    [root@hercules ~]# openssl genrsa -des3 -out localhost.localdomain.key 2048
    Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
    ......................................+++
    ............................................................................................................................................................+++
    e is 65537 (0x10001)
    Enter pass phrase for localhost.localdomain.key:
    Verifying - Enter pass phrase for localhost.localdomain.key:

    That generates a 2048-bit RSA key pair, encrypts them with a password you provide, and writes them to a file. You need to next extract the public key file. You will use this, for instance, on your web server to encrypt content so that it can only be read with the private key..

    Export the RSA Public Key to a File

    The command to do that is

    [root@hercules ~]# openssl rsa -in localhost.localdomain.key -outform PEM -pubout -out public.crt
    Enter pass phrase for localhost.localdomain.key:
    writing RSA key
    

    The -pubout flag is really important. Be sure to include it.

    Next open the public.crt and ensure that it starts with a -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----. This is how you know that this file is the public key of the pair and not a private key.
    To check the file from the command line you can use the less command, like this:

    [root@hercules ~]# less public.crt

    Visually Inspect Your Key Files

    It is important to visually inspect you private and public key files to make sure that they are what you expect. OpenSSL will clearly explain the nature of the key block with a -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- or -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----

    You can use less to inspect each of your two files in turn:

    • less localhost.localdomain.key to verify that it starts with a -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    • less localhost.localdomain.crt to verify that it starts with a -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----

    The Generated Key Files

    The generated files are base64-encoded encryption keys in plain text format. If you select a password for your private key, its file will be encrypted with your password. Be sure to remember this password or the key pair becomes useless.

    The private key file looks something like this

    -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
    DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,32495A90F3FF199D
    lrMAsSjjkKiRxGdgR8p5kZJj0AFgdWYa3OT2snIXnN5+/p7j13PSkseUcrAFyokc
    V9pgeDfitAhb9lpdjxjjuxRcuQjBfmNVLPF9MFyNOvhrprGNukUh/12oSKO9dFEt
    s39F/2h6Ld5IQrGt3gZaBB1aGO+tw3ill1VBy2zGPIDeuSz6DS3GG/oQ2gLSSMP4
    OVfQ32Oajo496iHRkdIh/7Hho7BNzMYr1GxrYTcE9/Znr6xgeSdNT37CCeCH8cmP
    aEAUgSMTeIMVSpILwkKeNvBURic1EWaqXRgPRIWK0vNyOCs/+jNoFISnV4pu1ROF
    92vayHDNSVw9wHcdSQ75XSE4Msawqv5U1iI7e2lD64uo1qhmJdrPcXDJQCiDbh+F
    hQhF+wAoLRvMNwwhg+LttL8vXqMDQl3olsWSvWPs6b/MZpB0qwd1bklzA6P+PeAU
    sfOvTqi9edIOfKqvXqTXEhBP8qC7ZtOKLGnryZb7W04SSVrNtuJUFRcLiqu+w/F/
    MSxGSGalYpzIZ1B5HLQqISgWMXdbt39uMeeooeZjkuI3VIllFjtybecjPR9ZYQPt
    FFEP1XqNXjLFmGh84TXtvGLWretWM1OZmN8UKKUeATqrr7zuh5AYGAIbXd8BvweL
    Pigl9ei0hTculPqohvkoc5x1srPBvzHrirGlxOYjW3fc4kDgZpy+6ik5k5g7JWQD
    lbXCRz3HGazgUPeiwUr06a52vhgT7QuNIUZqdHb4IfCYs2pQTLHzQjAqvVk1mm2D
    kh4myIcTtf69BFcu/Wuptm3NaKd1nwk1squR6psvcTXOWII81pstnxNYkrokx4r2
    7YVllNruOD+cMDNZbIG2CwT6V9ukIS8tl9EJp8eyb0a1uAEc22BNOjYHPF50beWF
    ukf3uc0SA+G3zhmXCM5sMf5OxVjKr5jgcir7kySY5KbmG71omYhczgr4H0qgxYo9
    Zyj2wMKrTHLfFOpd4OOEun9Gi3srqlKZep7Hj7gNyUwZu1qiBvElmBVmp0HJxT0N
    mktuaVbaFgBsTS0/us1EqWvCA4REh1Ut/NoA9oG3JFt0lGDstTw1j+orDmIHOmSu
    7FKYzr0uCz14AkLMSOixdPD1F0YyED1NMVnRVXw77HiAFGmb0CDi2KEg70pEKpn3
    ksa8oe0MQi6oEwlMsAxVTXOB1wblTBuSBeaECzTzWE+/DHF+QQfQi8kAjjSdmmMJ
    yN+shdBWHYRGYnxRkTatONhcDBIY7sZV7wolYHz/rf7dpYUZf37vdQnYV8FpO1um
    Ya0GslyRJ5GqMBfDS1cQKne+FvVHxEE2YqEGBcOYhx/JI2soE8aA8W4XffN+DoEy
    ZkinJ/+BOwJ/zUI9GZtwB4JXqbNEE+j7r7/fJO9KxfPp4MPK4YWu0H0EUWONpVwe
    TWtbRhQUCOe4PVSC/Vv1pstvMD/D+E/0L4GQNHxr+xyFxuvILty5lvFTxoAVYpqD
    u8gNhk3NWefTrlSkhY4N+tPP6o7E4t3y40nOA/d9qaqiid+lYcIDB0cJTpZvgeeQ
    ijohxY3PHruU4vVZa37ITQnco9az6lsy18vbU0bOyK2fEZ2R9XVO8fH11jiV8oGH
    -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

    The public key file looks somthing like

    -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
    MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzYuc22QSst/dS7geYYK
    5l5kLxU0tayNdixkEQ17ix+CUcUbKIsnyftZxaCYT46rQtXgCaYRdJcbB3hmyrOa
    vkhTpX79xJZnQmfuamMbZBqitvscxW9zRR9tBUL6vdi/0rpoUwPMEh8+Bw7CgYR0
    FK0DhWYBNDfe9HKcyZEv3max8Cdq18htxjEsdYO0iwzhtKRXomBWTdhD5ykd/fAC
    VTr4+KEY+IeLvubHVmLUhbE5NgWXxrRpGasDqzKhCTmsa2Ysf712rl57SlH0Wz/M
    r3F7aM9YpErzeYLrl0GhQr9BVJxOvXcVd4kmY+XkiCcrkyS1cnghnllh+LCwQu1s
    YwIDAQAB
    -----END PUBLIC KEY-----

    Protecting Your Keys

    Depending on the nature of the information you will protect, it’s important to keep the private key backed up and secret. The public key can be distributed anywhere or embedded in your web application scripts, such as in your PHP, Ruby, or other scripts. Again, backup your keys!

    Remember, if the key goes away the data encrypted to it is gone.Keeping a printed copy of the key material in a sealed envelope in a bank safety deposit box is a good way to protect important keys against loss due to fire or hard drive failure

  • Secure your website with a free SSL certificate!

    LetsEncrypt provides free SSL cert’s for your website.  Real easy to setup and auto renewal of the certificates.
    The certificates are valid for 3 months, but there’s a nice feature to auto renew the certificates.

    Check certbot.eff.org for the guide.